New Zealand Make Christmas Great Again
"First Scottish Colony for New Zealand" – 1839 poster advertising emigration from Scotland to New Zealand. Collection of Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow, Scotland.
Migration to New Zealand began with Polynesian settlement in New Zealand, so uninhabited, about 1250 to 1280. European migration provided a major influx following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Subsequent immigration has been importantly from the British Isles, but likewise from continental Europe, the Pacific, the Americas and Asia.
Polynesian settlement [edit]
Polynesians in the South Pacific were the commencement to discover the landmass of New Zealand. Eastern Polynesian explorers had settled in New Zealand by approximately the thirteenth century CE with almost evidence pointing to an arrival date of almost 1280. Their inflow gave rise to the Māori culture and the Māori language, both unique to New Zealand, although very closely related to analogues in other parts of Eastern Polynesia. Evidence from Wairau Bar and the Chatham Islands shows that the Polynesian colonists maintained many parts of their e Polynesian culture such equally burial customs for at least fifty years. Especially potent resemblances link Māori to the languages and cultures of the Cook and Society Islands, which are regarded as the most probable places of origin.[ane] Moriori settled the Chatham Islands during the 15th century from mainland New Zealand.
European settlement [edit]
Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, several centuries passed earlier the next phase of settlement, that of Europeans. But then did the original inhabitants demand to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals, using the adjective "māori" which ways "ordinary" or "indigenous" which later became a noun although the term New Zealand native was mutual until about 1890. Māori idea of their tribe (iwi) as a nation.[ commendation needed ]
James Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain on his arrival in 1769. The institution of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Antarctic ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand, with some settling. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the offset real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Past 1830 at that place was a population of most 800 non-Māori, which included most 200 runaway convicts and seamen who oftentimes married into the Māori customs.[ citation needed ] The seamen oft lived in New Zealand for a brusque fourth dimension before joining another transport a few months later. In 1839 in that location were 1100 Europeans living in the N Island. Regular outbreaks of farthermost violence, mainly between Māori hapu, known as the Musket Wars, resulted in the deaths of between twenty,000 and fifty,000 Māori upwardly until 1843.[ citation needed ] Violence confronting European shipping, cannibalism and the lack of established constabulary and guild made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s many Māori were nominally Christian and had freed many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars. By this time, many Māori, especially in the n, could read and write Māori and, to a lesser extent, English.
Migration from 1840 [edit]
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resource in affluence.
New Zealand was administered from New S Wales from 1788[ dubious ] and the first permanent settlers were Australians. Some were escaped convicts, and others were ex-convicts that had completed their sentences. Smaller numbers came directly from Smashing Great britain, Ireland, Deutschland (forming the side by side biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish),[2] France, Portugal, kingdom of the netherlands, Denmark, The U.s., and Canada.
In 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and country purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840 and by 1841 New Zealand had ceased being an Australian colony.
Following the formalising of sovereignty, organised and structured flow of migrants from Bully United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships similar the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the cardinal Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to selection up the potent westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of S Africa and Commonwealth of australia. Ships would then head north in one case in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant send of 610 tonnes fabricated two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was virtually 3 to 3+ 1⁄2 months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead canvas, wine, beer, cart components, salt, lather and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them authorities assisted. On the render trip the send carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds.[3] In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold blitz in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Clan recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.[4]
In the 1860s most migrants settled in the Due south Island due to golden discoveries and the availability of flat grass covered land for pastoral farming. The depression number of Māori (about ii,000) and the absence of warfare gave the South Island many advantages. It was only when the New Zealand wars ended that the N Island once more became an attractive destination. In order to attract settlers to the North Island the Regime and Auckland Provisional regime initiated the Waikato Immigration Scheme which ran from 1864 and 1865.[v] [six] The fundamental authorities originally intended to bring about 20,000 immigrants to the Waikato from the British Isles and the Cape Colony in S Africa to consolidate the government position afterwards the wars and develop the Waikato area for European settlement. The immigration scheme settlers were allocated quarter-acre town sections and 10-acre rural sections. They were required to work on and amend the sections for 2 years after which a Crown Grant would exist issued, giving them ownership.[7] In all, thirteen ships travelled to New Zealand under the scheme, arriving from London, Glasgow and Cape Boondocks.[viii]
In the 1870s, Premier Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from United kingdom to help fund uppercase development such equally a nationwide rail organisation, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.[9]
Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe also as from China and Bharat, but British, Scottish and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did and then for the adjacent 150 years. Today, the majority of New Zealanders accept some sort of British, Scottish, Welsh and Irish ancestry. This comes with terminal names (mainly British, Irish, and Scottish) also.
Between 1881 and the 1920s, the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand, and prevented Asians from naturalising.[x] In item, the New Zealand regime levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants upwards until the 1930s. New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944. Large numbers of Dalmatians fled from the Austro- Hungarian empire to settle in New Zealand around 1900. They settled mainly in w Auckland and oft worked to establish vineyards and orchards or worked on mucilage fields in Northland.
An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s.
Many of the persons of Polish descent in New Zealand arrived as orphans via Siberia and Islamic republic of iran during Globe War 2.
Post World War II migration [edit]
With the various agencies of the Un dealing with humanitarian efforts following World War II, New Zealand accustomed well-nigh 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe, and more than 1,100 Hungarians between 1956 and 1959 (see Refugees in New Zealand). The post-WWII immigration included more than people from Hellenic republic, Italy, Poland and the onetime Yugoslavia.
New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand. To encourage those to come, the government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947, a scheme expanded by the National Political party assistants in 1950. Nonetheless, when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone, recruitment began in Northern European countries. New Zealand signed a bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the netherlands, and a large number[ clarification needed ] of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand. Others came in the 1950s from Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations.
A Section of External Diplomacy memorandum in 1953 stated: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that nosotros are and intend to remain a land of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians—indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, nosotros do everything to discourage information technology from Asia."[11]
By the 1960s, the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin. By the mid-1960s, a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification. In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand encouraged migrants from the Due south Pacific. The land had a big demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector. Every bit long as this demand connected, migration was accepted from the South Pacific, and many temporary workers overstayed their visas. Consequently, the Pacific Island population in New Zealand had grown to 45,413 by 1971.[12] The economic crisis of the early 1970s led to increased law-breaking, unemployment and other social ailments, which disproportionately affected the Pacific Islander community.[thirteen] From 1974 to 1979 Dawn Raids were carried out by police to remove overstayers, virtually of whom were Pacific Islanders.
In May 2008, Massey University economist Dr Greg Clydesdale released to the news media an extract of a study, Growing Pains, Evaluations and the Price of Human Capital, which saw Pacific Islanders as "forming an underclass".[fourteen] The report, written by Dr Clydesdale for the Academy of Earth Concern, Marketing & Direction Development 2008 Briefing in Brazil, and based on data from various authorities departments, provoked highly controversial debate. Pacific Islands customs leaders and academic peer reviewers strongly criticised the written report, while a conditional review was lodged past Race Relations Commissioner Joris de Bres.[15] [sixteen]
A record number of migrants arrived in the 1970s; seventy,000, for example, during 1973–1974. While these numbers represent many ethnicities, New Zealand had an underlying preference for migrants from "traditional sources", namely Great britain, Europe and Northern America, due to similarities of linguistic communication and culture.[17] [eighteen]
Introduction of points-based systems [edit]
Along with New Zealand adopting a radical direction of economical practise, Parliament passed a new Immigration Act into law in 1987. This would terminate the preference for migrants from Britain, Europe or Northern America based on their race, and instead classify migrants on their skills, personal qualities, and potential contribution to New Zealand economy and society. The introduction of the points-based system came under the National regime, which pursued this policy-change fifty-fifty more than the previous Labour Party assistants. This system resembled that of Canada, and came into effect in 1991. Finer the New Zealand Immigration Service ranks the qualities sought in the migrants and gives them a priority using a points-based scale. In 2010 the new Immigration Act replaced all existing protocols and procedures.
The Government published the results of an immigration review in December 2006.[xix]
Regulations provide that immigrants must be of adept character.[20]
New migrant groups [edit]
This policy resulted in a wide diverseness of ethnicities in New Zealand, with people from over 120 countries represented. Between 1991 and 1995 the numbers of those given approval grew rapidly: 26,000 in 1992; 35,000 in 1994; 54,811 in 1995. The minimum target for residency approval was set at 25,000. The number approved was almost twice what was targeted. The Labour-led governments of 1999–2008 made no change to the Immigration Act 1987, although some changes were made} to the 1991 policy. In particular, the minimum IELTS level for skilled migrants was raised from 5.5 to six.five in 2002, following concerns that immigrants who spoke English language as a 2d linguistic communication encountered difficulty getting jobs in their chosen fields.[22] Since then, migration from Britain and S Africa has increased, at the expense of clearing from Asia. However, a study-for-residency programme for foreign academy students has mitigated this imbalance somewhat.[ commendation needed ]
By 2005, New Zealand accepted lx% of the applicants under the Skilled/Business category that awarded points for qualifications and work experience, or business experience and funds they had available. From one Aug 2007, NZD$2.five meg is the minimum for the Active Investor Migrant Category.
Changes to the point organization have besides given more weight to task offers as compared to educational degrees. Some Aucklanders cynically joke that well-nigh taxi drivers in Auckland tend to be highly qualified engineers or doctors who are unable to so discover jobs in their fields once in the country.[23]
Recent years [edit]
In 2004–2005 Immigration New Zealand prepare a target of 45,000, representing 1.5% of the full population. Yet, the net issue was a population turn down, since more than left than arrived. 48,815 arrived, and overall the population was x,000 or 0.25% less than the previous yr. Overall though, New Zealand has one of the highest populations of strange born citizens. In 2005, almost twenty% of New Zealanders were born overseas, one of the highest percentages of any state in the world. The Department of Labour's sixth annual Migration Trends written report shows a 21 per cent ascension in work permits issued in the 2005/06-year compared with the previous year. Nearly 100,000 people were issued work permits to work in sectors ranging from Information technology to horticulture in the 2005/06-year. This compares with effectually 35,000 work permits issued in 1999–2000. Effectually 52,000 people were approved for permanent New Zealand residence in 2005/06. Over 60 per cent were approved under the skilled or business categories.
Other migrant quotas [edit]
New Zealand accepts 1000 refugees per year (set to abound to 1500 by 1 July 2020) in co-operation with the UNHCR with a strong focus on the Asia-Pacific region.[24] Equally part of the Pacific Access Category, 650 citizens come from Republic of the fiji islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Tonga. 1,100 Samoan citizens come under the Samoan Quota scheme. Once resident, these people tin can utilize to bring other family members to New Zealand under the Family Sponsored stream. Whatsoever migrant accustomed nether these schemes receives permanent residency in New Zealand.
Contemporary developments in clearing policy [edit]
Immigration Advisers Licensing Act 2007 [edit]
Effective in New Zealand from 4 May 2007, the Clearing Advisers Licensing Act requires anyone providing immigration communication to be licensed. It also established the Clearing Advisers Authority to manage the licensing procedure, both in New Zealand and offshore.
From 4 May 2009 information technology became mandatory for immigration directorate practising in New Zealand to be licensed unless they are exempt.[25] The introduction of mandatory licensing for New Zealand-based immigration advisers was designed to protect migrants from unscrupulous operators and provide support for licensed advisers.
The licensing managed by the Immigration Advisers Authorisation Official website establishes and monitors industry standards and sets requirements for continued professional person development. As an contained body, the Dominance tin can prosecute unlicensed clearing advisers. Penalties include up to seven years imprisonment and/or fines upward to $NZ100,000 for offenders, equally well as the possibility of court-ordered reparation payments. It tin can refer complaints fabricated against licensed advisers to an Independent Tribunal, i.east. Immigration Directorate Complaints & Disciplinary Tribunal.
The Immigration Advisers Authorization does non handle clearing applications or inquiries. These are managed by Immigration New Zealand.
Clearing Act 2009 [edit]
Statements by the government in the mid 2000s emphasised that New Zealand must compete for its share of skilled and talented migrants, and David Cunliffe, the former immigration minister, has argued that New Zealand was "in a global race for talent and nosotros must win our share".[26] With this in heed, a neb (over 400 pages long) was prepared[ by whom? ] which was sent[ by whom? ] to parliament in Apr 2007. It follows a review of the immigration human activity. The bill aims to brand the process more efficient, and achieves this by giving more than power to immigration officers. Rights of appeal were to be streamlined into a unmarried entreatment tribunal. Furthermore, any involvement of the Human Rights Commission in matters of clearing to New Zealand would be removed (Part xi, Clause 350).
The new Clearing Human action, which passed into police in 2009 replacing the 1987 Act, is aimed to enhance border security and meliorate the efficiency of the clearing services. Primal aspects of the new Human activity include the power to apply biometrics, a new refugee and protection arrangement, a single independent appeals tribunal and a universal visa system.[27]
Further developments [edit]
Every bit of March 2012, a draft paper leaked to the New Zealand Labour Party shows Immigration New Zealand is planning to create a 2-tier system which will favour wealthy immigrants over poor ones who speak lilliputian or no English language. This means that applications from parents sponsored past their higher income children, or those who bring a guaranteed income or funds, would be candy faster than other applications.[28] [29]
During the New Zealand general election, 2017 the New Zealand First party launched its campaign in Palmerston North on 25 June 2017. Appear policies including cutting net immigration to 10,000 per year.[30] NZ Offset leader Winston Peters said that unemployed New Zealanders will be trained to have jobs as the number is reduced, and the number of older immigrants volition be limited, with more bonded to the regions.[31]
According to Statistics New Zealand estimates, New Zealand'due south net migration (long-term arrivals minus long-term departures) in the June 2016/17 year was 72,300.[32] That was upwardly from 38,300 in the June 2013/xiv year.[33] Of those migrants specifying a region of settlement, 61 percent settled in the Auckland region.[34]
2021 Afghan evacuation [edit]
Following the 2021 Taliban offensive which led to a pregnant exodus of Afghan refugees, the Ministry of Strange Affairs and Trade suspended the processing of residency applications from Afghan nationals in late Baronial 2021, citing the "rapidly deteriorating state of affairs" in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan and a "diminishing window for evacuations. The Government has instead prioritised the evacuation of New Zealand citizens, permanent residents and Afghans at risk due to their "clan with New Zealand."[35] The Government's decision to append the processing of Afghan residency visa applications was criticised by human rights advocates and Afghan migrants. Former Afghan interpreter Diamond Kazimi stated that 200 Afghan families that had assisted New Zealand Defense force personnel in Afghanistan were however waiting for their visa applications to be candy. By 26 August, a Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 Hercules had made two evacuation flights from Kabul.[36]
Overstayers [edit]
In Feb 2022, a report published by Unitec Institute of Technology estimated there were between 13,000 and 14,000 overstayers or undocumented migrants in New Zealand, citing an interview with Clearing New Zealand Stephen Vaughan. This effigy included around 500-600 Tuvaluans. These overstayers are people who have overstayed their work and study visas and been unable to renew them. Many of these overstayers accept trouble accessing education, health, and social services due to their undocumented status.[37] [38]
Deportations [edit]
In Feb 2022, a study published past the Australian think tank Lowy Institute found that New Zealand had deported 1,040 people to the Pacific Islands betwixt 2013 and 2018. Of this number, 400 were criminals including members of the Head Hunters Motorcycle Club. The report's writer Jose Sousa-Santos argued that New Zealand, Australia and the United States' deportation policies were fuelling a spike in organised crime and drug trafficking in several Pacific countries including Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Kiribati, Republic of nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. The Sousa-Santos report estimated that almost of the deportees were males between the ages of 25 and 35 years, who had spent more than twelve years abroad from their countries of origin. Several had connections to organised offense in their quondam host countries.[39] [forty]
Public opinion [edit]
Every bit in another countries, clearing can become a contentious issue; the topic has provoked debate from time to time in New Zealand.[ citation needed ]
As early on equally the 1870s, political opponents fought against Vogel's clearing plans.[41]
The political party New Zealand Offset (founded in 1993) has frequently criticised immigration on economic, social and cultural grounds.[ citation needed ] New Zealand First leader Winston Peters has on several occasions characterised the charge per unit of Asian immigration into New Zealand as likewise high; in 2004, he stated: "We are being dragged into the condition of an Asian colony and it is time that New Zealanders were placed get-go in their own country."[42] On 26 April 2005, he said: "Māori will be disturbed to know that in 17 years' time they will exist outnumbered by Asians in New Zealand" – an estimate disputed past Statistics New Zealand, the government's statistics agency. Peters quickly rebutted that Statistics New Zealand had underestimated the growth-rate of the Asian community in the past.[43]
In April 2008, then deputy New Zealand First Party leader Peter Brown drew widespread attention after voicing similar views and expressing concern at the increase in New Zealand's ethnic Asian population: "We are going to flood this country with Asian people with no idea what we are going to do with them when they come here."[44] "The thing is serious. If we continue this open door policy there is real danger we will be inundated with people who have no intention of integrating into our club. The greater the number, the greater the take chances. They will form their own mini-societies to the detriment of integration and that will atomic number 82 to segmentation, friction and resentment."[45]
Statistics [edit]
| State | Gross arrivals | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
 Commonwealth of australia | xix,549 | 23,275 | 25,273 | 25,783 | 24,950 | 21,562 | sixteen,537 |
 United Kingdom | thirteen,938 | 13,680 | 13,379 | xiv,373 | xv,017 | thirteen,246 | 11,185 |
 Due south Africa | one,285 | 1,669 | two,404 | iv,563 | 5,275 | 5,528 | 9,174 |
 India | 6,704 | 11,303 | 14,490 | 10,255 | 9,030 | 8,991 | 8,957 |
 Mainland China | 8,182 | nine,515 | eleven,036 | 12,461 | 11,993 | 10,460 | eight,338 |
 Philippines | 2,660 | 3,890 | 5,393 | 4,918 | 5,223 | 4,865 | v,597 |
 Usa | 3,894 | iii,900 | 4,297 | 4,300 | 5,010 | 4,683 | 4,388 |
 France | two,374 | 3,334 | 3,767 | iv,227 | four,392 | iv,085 | 3,710 |
 Germany | 3,295 | three,564 | 3,906 | iv,459 | 4,309 | 3,905 | 3,220 |
 Canada | 1,870 | 2,166 | 2,463 | 2,508 | two,671 | 2,969 | 2,733 |
 South korea | 1,846 | 1,796 | 1,977 | ii,521 | two,812 | ii,882 | ii,708 |
 Japan | i,947 | 2,126 | 2,273 | two,456 | two,415 | 2,371 | 2,507 |
 Samoa | 1,421 | 1,726 | 1,915 | 1,957 | 2,124 | 1,961 | 1,874 |
 Republic of the fiji islands | 1,210 | i,361 | 1,470 | i,983 | 1,790 | one,630 | 1,681 |
 Ireland | 1,661 | i,240 | one,148 | 1,070 | 1,139 | 1,132 | i,100 |
 Vietnam | 539 | 610 | 730 | 860 | 1,114 | 1,001 | one,075 |
 Singapore | 934 | i,021 | 1,367 | 1,429 | 1,461 | 1,329 | one,074 |
 United Arab Emirates | 523 | 665 | 752 | 989 | one,146 | 1,160 | ane,065 |
 Malaysia | 1,083 | 1,177 | 1,287 | ane,535 | 1,562 | i,477 | i,064 |
 Sri Lanka | 634 | 606 | 880 | 908 | 1,078 | 974 | i,034 |
| Total | 93,965 | 109,317 | 121,937 | 127,305 | 131,566 | 122,010 | 110,473 |
| Country | 2001 demography | 2006 demography | 2013 census | 2018 census[49] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
 New Zealand | ii,890,869 | 80.54 | 2,960,217 | 77.09 | ii,980,824 | 74.85 | three,370,122 | 72.sixty |
 England | 178,203 | iv.96 | 202,401 | five.27 | 215,589 | 5.41 | 210,915 | four.54 |
| People's republic of china | 38,949 | i.09 | 78,117 | ii.03 | 89,121 | 2.24 | 132,906 | 2.86 |
| Bharat | twenty,892 | 0.58 | 43,341 | 1.xiii | 67,176 | one.69 | 117,348 | 2.53 |
| Commonwealth of australia | 56,259 | one.57 | 62,742 | 1.63 | 62,712 | 1.57 | 75,696 | 1.63 |
| South Africa | 26,061 | 0.73 | 41,676 | 1.09 | 54,276 | 1.36 | 71,382 | i.54 |
| Philippines | 10,134 | 0.28 | fifteen,285 | 0.40 | 37,299 | 0.94 | 67,632 | i.46 |
| Fiji | 25,722 | 0.72 | 37,746 | 0.98 | 52,755 | i.32 | 62,310 | i.34 |
| Samoa | 47,118 | one.31 | 50,649 | 1.32 | l,661 | ane.27 | 55,512 | one.20 |
| South Korea | 17,931 | 0.l | 28,809 | 0.75 | 26,601 | 0.67 | 30,975 | 0.67 |
| United States | 13,344 | 0.37 | 17,748 | 0.46 | 21,462 | 0.54 | 27,678 | 0.60 |
 Tonga | 18,051 | 0.50 | 20,520 | 0.53 | 22,416 | 0.56 | 26,856 | 0.58 |
 Scotland | 28,680 | 0.lxxx | 29,016 | 0.76 | 25,953 | 0.65 | 26,136 | 0.56 |
| Malaysia | xi,460 | 0.32 | 14,547 | 0.38 | sixteen,353 | 0.41 | nineteen,860 | 0.43 |
 Netherlands | 22,239 | 0.62 | 22,104 | 0.58 | 19,815 | 0.fifty | xix,329 | 0.42 |
| Frg | viii,379 | 0.23 | 10,761 | 0.28 | 12,942 | 0.32 | 16,605 | 0.36 |
| United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (nfd) | 615 | 0.02 | 642 | 0.02 | 2,088 | 0.05 | 14,601 | 0.31 |
| Sri Lanka | 6,168 | 0.17 | vii,257 | 0.nineteen | nine,582 | 0.24 | fourteen,349 | 0.31 |
| Japan | eight,622 | 0.24 | 9,573 | 0.25 | 10,269 | 0.26 | 13,107 | 0.28 |
| Canada | 7,773 | 0.22 | 8,994 | 0.23 | 9,576 | 0.24 | 11,928 | 0.26 |
 Cook Islands | xv,222 | 0.42 | 14,697 | 0.38 | 12,954 | 0.33 | 11,925 | 0.26 |
 Hong Kong | xi,301 | 0.31 | 7,686 | 0.20 | 7,059 | 0.18 | 10,992 | 0.24 |
| Ireland | 6,729 | 0.xix | 6,888 | 0.18 | ix,045 | 0.23 | 10,494 | 0.23 |
 Taiwan | 12,486 | 0.35 | 10,764 | 0.28 | eight,988 | 0.23 | 10,440 | 0.22 |
 Thailand | five,154 | 0.fourteen | 6,159 | 0.sixteen | vii,722 | 0.19 | 10,251 | 0.22 |
| Vietnam | 3,948 | 0.11 | 4,875 | 0.13 | 6,153 | 0.xv | 9,291 | 0.20 |
 Republic of zimbabwe | two,886 | 0.08 | 8,151 | 0.21 | eight,100 | 0.20 | 8,685 | 0.19 |
 Wales | 5,787 | 0.xvi | six,756 | 0.18 | 6,711 | 0.17 | seven,776 | 0.17 |
 Russia | 2,916 | 0.08 | 4,581 | 0.12 | 5,466 | 0.fourteen | 7,776 | 0.17 |
 Brazil | 657 | 0.02 | ane,764 | 0.05 | 3,588 | 0.09 | 7,719 | 0.17 |
 Cambodia | four,773 | 0.13 | 5,856 | 0.15 | half dozen,570 | 0.16 | vii,689 | 0.17 |
| French republic | one,617 | 0.05 | 2,472 | 0.06 | 3,759 | 0.09 | 7,539 | 0.sixteen |
| Singapore | 3,909 | 0.11 | 4,857 | 0.13 | 5,370 | 0.xiii | 6,741 | 0.15 |
 Indonesia | three,792 | 0.11 | 4,614 | 0.12 | 4,914 | 0.12 | 6,627 | 0.14 |
 Iraq | four,848 | 0.fourteen | half dozen,024 | 0.xvi | 5,484 | 0.fourteen | five,757 | 0.12 |
 Islamic republic of pakistan | 1,320 | 0.04 | 2,211 | 0.06 | two,850 | 0.07 | 5,691 | 0.12 |
See also [edit]
- Pākehā settlers
- Demographics of New Zealand
- Europeans in Oceania
- Chinese clearing to New Zealand
References [edit]
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- ^ Germans: First Arrivals (from the Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand)
- ^ Glentanner. B. Lansley. Dornie Publishing. Invercargill 2013.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "4. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz.
- ^ "Archives New Zealand || Migration". Athenaeum.govt.nz.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry building for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "6. – History of clearing – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz.
- ^ "Pokeno Community Committee – Our Place". Pokenocommunity.nz.
- ^ "Waikato Immigration Scheme". Freepages.rootsweb.com.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "5. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz.
- ^ Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. "1881–1914: restrictions on Chinese and others". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ Quoted in Stuart William Greif, ed., Clearing and national identity in New Zealand: 1 people, two peoples, many peoples? Palmerston Northward: Dunmore, 1995, p. 39.
- ^ Parker 2005, pp. 28–29. sfn error: no target: CITEREFParker2005 (help)
- ^ Parker 2005, pp. 64–65. sfn error: no target: CITEREFParker2005 (help)
- ^ [i] [ dead link ]
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- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved viii June 2008.
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- ^ Home New Zealand Section of Labour – Migration Trends 2004/05 Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 8 December 2007
- ^ "Documents confirm Apr consideration of language requirement change". New Zealand Government. 20 December 2002. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
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Bibliography [edit]
- Rex, Michael, 2003, The Penguin History of New Zealand, Penguin, Auckland
- McMillan, K., 2006, "Immigration Policy", pp. 639–650 in New Zealand Government and Politics, ed. R. Miller, AUP
- History of Immigration at Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- News release from Caritas NZ
External links [edit]
- Clearing New Zealand
- Clearing Directorate Say-so
- New Zealand clearing statistics
- Clearing & Protection Tribunal
- Clearing Advisers Complaints & Disciplinary Tribunal
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand
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